Whether or not trayvons martin case was justifed correctly Essay

Whether or not trayvons martin case was justifed correctly - Essay Example The case may involve issues on race (Jefferson, 9). Eighty seven percent of the African Americans say that there was no justice in the ruling; amongst whites, only 33 percent support the African Americans’ claims. A thin majority of about 51% of the whites endorse that the verdict was innocent in the trial whereas African Americans strongly disapprove the claims. Only a small percentage of the African Americans approve the claims by the whites. On the public views, there is also a follower tinge. Amongst thirty percent of the republicans, disapprove the verdict while seventy percent of them approve the verdict. Instead of focusing on the skin color people should focus on hearts (Anthology 15). In reference to the criminal justice system, a total number of 86 percent among the African Americans claim that blacks among many minorities get unequal treatment in the law; only 41percent by the whites make such claims whereas the other 54% claim that there is equality for the marginal groups. Less than 40% of jailed people are ethnic and racial minorities (Birzer 27). Eighty-one percent of the African Americans claim that the federal government should observe the civil rights defiance and charge Zimmerman in a federal court. Fifty percent of the whites oppose such charges, whereas 27percent of them agree to the charges showing the presence of White supremacy in action (Yancy and Jones 9). Sixty percent of the Hispanics claim that blacks among other marginal groups fail to receive fair treatments like the whites do and a ratio of two to one disapproves the ruling. Martin weighed ten pounds lighter, but six inches taller than the Hispanic who put Trayvon’s life to an end (Anthology 1). It was at night during the shooting and Martin was on his way home when he saw a vehicle behind him, which followed him for some time. Martin ran away to the backyards sidewalks from the street sidewalks (Jefferson 5).

God's Existence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

God's Existence - Essay Example Irrespective of religion, every child is told about the accountability to the God. The significance and objective of the whole world gyrate around this answerability. Apart from these thoughts other deliberations that persist encompass- existence of life on the planet is by chance and no one is held responsible to some inspirational life form or soul. People belonging to this view, however, believe in fun and joy as the chief essence of life. Thus, conventionally, four chief arguments related with the existence of God emerged, encompassing- (1) the cosmological argument; (2) the teleological argument; (3) the ontological argument; and (4) the moral law argument. The present article deals with the teleological argument. This is popularly known as "the argument from design" (Greek meaning, telos- design). According to this argument, the universe confirms the presence of complex life forms, from tiniest creatures to the biggest animals and plants; everything is in a perfect order and ar e inter-linked; moreover no one modulates these living beings but they are self-modulated in a perfectly controlled manner. The designer or creator has created the life forms in a simplistic manner and therefore, He must be a perfect and well co-ordinate planner to make this world run so smoothly, maintaining the harmonization, dexterity and a perfect balance of complex life forms. Thus there must be a premeditated and decree brainpower behind these synchronizations, thus a belief emerged that a force is certain beyond the nature and thus it is something supernatural! Intense understanding, perception, prudence, rationale, acumen and intention must be present in the mind of creator while designing the universe. Therefore, teleological arguments center around diverse reasonable associations between array, motif and creator and have pursued distinct levels of exactitude. According to William Paley, heavenly bodies wander with perfect accuracy in their fixed paths the orbits. Every liv ing organism possess a complex life form meeting various metabolic processes and their requirements every second. These intricacies just happen and it is solely the creation of God. Although these arguments could convince millions but in the present scenario of developing science, understanding about the evolution of life and various life forms, evolution of planets and the universe, forces behind each movement, theories, interpretations and explanations about the happenings taking place in the universe takes the teleological arguments to some different path. According to the present arguments, spotlight lies on the fact of "fine-tuning" of the universe to support life. This is an objection to the Paley’s view as the present opposition is based on the theory of evolution and hence they are less susceptible to assault. Evolution theory is capable of explaining the biological systems and design, the progression of evolution of life on the planet. Moreover it is now explained wh y only the planet Earth could get all the congenial conditions for life and no other planet in the solar system could get all the feasible conditions to promote life. On the contrary, if universe is designed there has to be a designer, the order and complexity of the universe could not convince many believers who firmly believe on the fact that there is a designer, the creator, the God, who has meticulously designed each and everything in the nature in a perfect and ordinate manner, which looks complicated otherwise and is not possible to create under the scientific environment, i.e. under laboratory conditions. It is true that the forces created artificially to create life could generate life under laboratory conditions but were not enough to convince the existence of life outside the laboratory condit

Double Skin Facades In High Rise Building Engineering Essay

Double Skin Facades In High Rise Building Engineering Essay Abstract: Double skin faà §ade systems are increasingly used in High rise buildings across the world. It is more commonly use in high-end architecture of European and Pacific Rim countries. The growing architectural trend is driven mostly by (Poirazis,2004)1: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The reduction of energy use during the occupation stage of a building à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The aesthetic desire for a fully glazed faà §ade that leads to increased transparency à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The practical need for improved indoor environment, lesser reliance on artificial plant à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The need for improving the acoustic performance of buildings located in noise polluted areas 1. Poirazis, Harris. (2004). Double Skin Facades for Office Buildings, Literature Review, Lund Institute of Technology Web address: http://www.ebd.lth.se/avd%20ebd/main/personal/Project%20home%20page/main/publications/LITERATURE.pdf This essay attempts to study the Classification of Double Skin Facades, its advantages and disadvantages, and discuss on its application in high rise building and evaluate the benefits and limitations. Introduction The Double Skin Faà §ade is an envelope construction covering one or multiple storey, which consists of two pieces transparent glass layers separated by a intermediate cavity. Air ventilation strategy can be take place through the intake and air outlet on the external glazing. In the cavity, sun-shading louvers and thermal insulation devices are sometime installed to control the solar heat gain to improve the indoor environment. The BBRI, (BBRI, 2002) includes in the Source book a satisfactory description of the structure of a Double Skin Faà §ade System.The layers of the faà §ade are described below2: 2. Belgian Building Research Institute (BBRI) (2002). Source book for a better understanding of conceptual and operational aspects of active facades. Department of Building Physics, Indoor Climate and Building Services, Belgian Building Research Institute. Version no 1. Web address: http://www.bbri.be/activefacades/index2.html à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Exterior Glazing: Usually it is a hardened single glazing. This exterior faà §ade can be fully glazed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Interior glazing: Insulating double glazing unit (clear, low E coating, solar control glazing, etc can be used). Almost always this layer is not completely glazed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The air cavity between the two panes. It can be totally natural, fan supported or mechanically ventilated. The width of the cavity can vary between 200 mm to more than 2m according to the function of the applied concept. This width influence the way that the faà §ade is maintained. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The interior window can be opened by the user. This may allow natural ventilation of the offices. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Automatically controlled solar shading is integrated inside the air cavity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ As a function of the faà §ade concept and of the glazing type, heating radiators can be installed next to the faà §ade. History of the Double Skin Faà §ade The history of Double Skin Facades can be trace back to end of 19th century. According to Saelens (2002), the early version of a mechanically ventilated multiple skin faà §ade was created around 1849. Jean-Baptiste Jobard at that time director of the industrial Museum in Brussels, mentioned how in winter hot air should be circulated between two glazing, while in summer it should be cold air. Crespo claims that a double skin curtain wall appears in 1903 in the Steiff Factory in Giengen, Germany. It is possibly the prototype of, at least, is more close to the modern double skin faà §ade system. She describes that: The priorities were to maximize daylighting while taking into account the cold weather and the strong winds of the region. The solution was a three storey structure with a ground floor for storage space and two upper floors used for work areas. The building was a success and two additions were built in 1904 and 1908 with the same Double Skin system, but using timber instead of steel in the structure for budget reasons. All buildings are still in use. Moving to the 20th century, with improved technology meant that the size and number of openings were no longer limited by structural considerations of the past. large glazed facade are able to construct but it is still very much limited by building physics and experiencing thermal comfort. At that time, fully glazed buildings have problem of summer overheating and heat losses and problematic condensation, lots of energy is used by mechanical plant in the operation state of the building. The outbreak of oil crises in 1973 1979 bring greater awareness on energy consumption. Innovative improvements on insulating glazing such as the addition of low-emissivity coatings and inert gas filled cavities were made. In the1990s a further breakthrough on insulation glazing was achieved with the development of spectrally selective glazing, electro-chromic and photo-chromic glazing. However, these products are unlikely available in short run as they are expensive. In contrast, double skin facades offer us a cheaper and more flexible way of achieving comfortable internal environment through a combined system of components, allowing the regulation of heat, cold, light noise with low energy consumption. Classification of Double Skin Facades There are numerous way of classification on Double Skin Faà §ade due to the variation in type of construction, the origin, destination and type of the air flow in the cavity, etc. Battle McCarthy, the Environmental Engineering firm in Great Britain created a categorization of five primary types (plus sub-classifications) based on commonalities of faà §ade configuration and the manner of operation. 3 These are: 3. Battle McCarthy website. http://www.battlemccarthy.demon.co.uk/research/doubleskin/doubleskinhomepage.htm Category A: Sealed Inner Skin: subdivided into mechanically ventilated cavity with controlled flue intake versus a ventilated and serviced thermal flue. Category B: Openable Inner and Outer Skins: subdivided into single story cavity height versus full building cavity height. Category C: Openable Inner Skin with mechanically ventilated cavity with controlled flue intake Category D: Sealed Cavity, either zoned floor by floor or with a full height cavity. Category E: Acoustic Barrier with either a massive exterior envelope or a lightweight exterior envelope. Belgian Building Research Institute Study (BBRI, 2002) investigate the potential of active facades, the related problems and risks in order to devise guidance in standardisation and technical approvals. They developed a classification system to describe different double-skin faà §ade configurations based on a database of case-studies2. 2. Belgian Building Research Institute (BBRI) (2002). Source book for a better understanding of conceptual and operational aspects of active facades. Department of Building Physics, Indoor Climate and Building Services, Belgian Building Research Institute. Version no 1. Web address: http://www.bbri.be/activefacades/index2.html One storey height facade The air cavity is divided horizontally and vertically into small and independent facade modules. Naturally ventilated double facades with one storey height facade modules are also known as a Box window type. Corridor facade Corridor facade is divided at every storey, the cavity is going horizontally along the building. Partition is used for acoustical, fire security or ventilation reasons. Multiple storey facades Multiple storey facades are not divided vertically or horizontally. The air cavity continues throughout the whole facade with maintenance grids at the every level to allowing circulation. The air cavity ventilation is realised via large openings near the floor and the roof of the building. Shaft-box facades Shaft box facades are very similar in nature to the one-storey height module. A series of box type window modules in the facade which are connected via vertical shafts. Air are being drawn from the box windows by stack effect into the vertical shafts and emitted from top. Advantages of the Double Skin Faà §ade The passive design strategies of double skin faà §ade bring natural ventilation, day lighting and solar heat gain into the fabric of the high-rise building, thus bringing energy efficiency and comfort to the inhabitant. Natural Ventilation: One of the main advantages of the Double Skin Faà §ade system is that it allows the inhabitant access to natural ventilation with protection against the weather and burglar. The cavity is a key component in the system as it allows natural fresh air to enter into the building to cool and ventilate the space. Natural ventilation is make possible even in the higher levels of a high-rise building due to the addition of extra layer of glass which helps to reduce the wind pressure. Natural ventilation of fresh air is much more preferable than air from mechanical sources as it will help to reduce the energy cost. During the hot summer nights, Double Skin Facades can also provide natural night ventilation, thus making the indoor temperatures lower during the early morning hours providing thermal comfort and improved air quality for the office occupants. In this way lesser energy is use in air-conditioning thus reducing the CO2 output of the building. Day lighting: Day lighting is important element in the design of High rise building as it reduces the energy consumption of electrical lightings. Moreover, the quality of natural lighting is preferable to electrical lighting. The large area of glazing coverage in double skin faà §ade maximises the daylighting into the space. Good lighting of the workplace is one of the main factors of indoor comfort that can positively influence health and productivity of office personnel. Natural light, its variations and its spectral composition are of great importance for well-being and mental health. Natural light is a fundamental component of our life, helping our body to produce vitamin D, an important anticancer element. 5 5. http://www.buildingenvelopes.org Harvard University Massachusetts Institution of Technology However, The increased coverage of glazed faà §ade brings excessive glare and heat during the hotter times. Solar shading devices are require to decrease solar heat gain and reduce the amount of glare. Thermal Insulation and Solar Heat Gain: Double Skin Faà §ade System can provide greater thermal insulation to the high rise building over the year with its outer skin. Solar heat gain is controlled through the use of shading devices and the air in cavity also help to absorb some of the incoming solar radiation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ During the winter the external layer of glass reduce the external heat transfer rate to provide improved insulation. Heat transfer rate is further reduced due to the increse in temperature when cavity is partially or completely closed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ During the summer the warm air inside the cavity can be extracted by naturally or mechanically ventilation. The airflow of the air inside the cavity is very much depend on the size of opening and temperature of the cavity. A carefully selection on the combination of the type of the glass panes and the shading devices types is very important as it prevents overheat in the cavity and the interior space and also to achieve good ventilation. In a highly glazed building, external Shading devices are use to reducing solar heat gain and heat entering into the interior. Shading devices can be fixed or operable. Operable units allow the occupant to control environment to meet their desire. They are normally installed in the outer half of Double Skin Faà §ade, typically horizontal blinds. The horizontal blind allows day lighting penetration and maintaining some of the view of outside. Acoustic insulation: Double skin faà §ade provides acoustic insulation to the building from external sources. The cavity act as air barrier to reduce the external noise pollution. A reduction of 20dB by double skin faà §ade at mid frequencies was reported by Chiang et al. (2004) 6 However, the number of openings and the type of Double Skin Faà §ade will also determine the effectiveness of the sound insulation. Chiang, W-H., Chao, Y-N. Wu, C-J., 2004, Sound Insulation of Double Skin Faà §ade http://www.ncree.org.tw/2004tcworkshop/pdf/16.pdf Transparency: Double skin facades fully glazed faà §ade bring more transparency to the building with more natural day lighting and views of exterior. For years, the Architects and the developer has always wanted a transparent building. but in the same time energy efficient. Energy savings: Double Skin Faà §ades can save energy significantly. The system minimises solar loading at the perimeter of buildings, thus less electricity costs is used to cool the building. Natural ventilation also further reduces the energy used in mechanical air supply. Disadvantages of the Double Skin Faà §ade There are always debates on the benefits of the double skin system. The Pro camp claims the systems to be environmentally responsible as double skin system help to save energy cost. However the Con camp states that areas such as maintenance, life-cycle/durability of the system, mechanical costs and operation cost also need to take into account. The disadvantages of Double Skin Faà §ade are described below: Higher construction and additional maintenance costs: Comparing the Double Skin facade and the conventional cladding systems. Double Skin facade has higher construction costs due to the additional construction cost of the outer layer, mechanical and supporting structure. It also require higher skill workman. With the additional layer of skin, the weight of the buildings structure loading is also increase, so as the construction cost of the building. Double Skin type also has higher cost during the operation of the building. More costs will be added in maintenance such as cleaning, servicing. Reduction of rentable office space: As the width of the intermediate cavity of Double Skin Faà §ade can vary from 20 cm to several meters (Uuttu, 2001), this results to the loss of useful space and rental. It is quite important to find the optimum depth of the faà §ade so as not to lose valuable space. Overheating problems: If the Double Skin Faà §ade system is not properly designed. The temperature of air in the cavity will likely to be increased in the hot summer days and resulting in overheating of the interior space. To avoid overheating, the minimum width between the internal and external pane should not be less than 200 mm (Jager,2003) Double Skin Faà §ades in High-Rise Buildings: High-rise office tower with fully glaze facade is a major consumer of energy. However, double skin faà §ades passive energy concepts and design strategies have increased the potential of high-rise building to come closer with sustainable architecture. In terms of climatic control, double skin faà §ades allow the occupants to take better control of internal environment. The heating and lighting requirements could be adjusted according to occupants needs by controlling the operable windows for natural ventilation and the shading device to modify the incoming solar radiation. The GSW Headquarters building is a good example of architecture that uses double skin faà §ade to achieve sustainability (Note: Plan image north is down) Image from Flickr: Uploaded by  runningforasthma The plan demonstrates how the new 515,000 sf connects to the existing  building with the new core leaving a 36 foot clear lease span. This depth with the large glass area results in excellent daylighting characteristics. Building Name GSW Headquarters Architect Sauerbruch Hutton Location Berlin GSW Headquarters consists of existing tower, three-story street-oriented bar, and new 22-storey, 11-m wide office tower building, which is the most important aspect to present the sustainable concept. In response to urban and functional conditions, the major axis of the building faces east and west, a double skin is provided on the west faà §ade: a single-glazed weather screen suspended 1m from the internal double pane windows, which acts a thermal buffer to protect heat loss and a thermal flue drawing air through the building. The second layer of automation is the colourful, perforated aluminium shading panels within the west double skin cavity manage solar heat gain and day lighting. The louvers also can be manually adjustable by the occupants but protects against the direct sunlight in the afternoon. On the east faà §ade, automatically and manually-operated triple-glazed windows with between-pane blinds allows fresh air enter into the building to create cross ventilation. Fresh air is also admitted independently from the window with the exterior louvered metal panels provided on the east faà §ade. In hot summer season, the operable window of the double skin facade is closed resulting in increasing of temperature inside the cavity. warm air is being channel to central plant via riser for heat recovery. Arup  who engineered the building claims the goal to achieve energy savings of 30-40% in comparison to an ordinary building. And because of the cross ventilation created by the flue effect, mechanical ventilation is no longer required 70% the year. http://www.ecorussia.info/en/ecopedia/double-skin-glass-facades Conclusions Double Skin Faà §ades are increasing incorporate into high rise building to achieving greater transparency, acceptable indoor environment as well as reducing energy consumption. Double Skin Faà §ades is the by far the only system at present that offers a range of natural ventilation strategies to the occupants. From economical point of view, Double Skin Faà §ades does not score well due to its high construction cost and additional maintenance and operational costs. However, Double Skin Faà §ades fair better when we look at social and environmental aspect. Double Skin Faà §ades provide better day lighting, solar control and access to natural ventilation, creating better working environment for the employee and increase the productivity. However Double Skin Facades are not suitable in every part of the world. They are highly depending on the outdoor conditions such as solar radiation, outdoor temperature, etc as the outside conditions have great influence on the indoor environment. Thus, each Double Skin Faà §ade has to be designed according to different constraints such as: climate condition (solar radiation, outdoor temperature, etc), site conditions (latitude, local daylight availability, atmospheric conditions, exterior obstructions, ground reflectance, etc), building usage (operating hours, occupants tasks, etc). A thorough investigates and ability to control these environmental aspects inevitably leads to increased energy efficiency.

Economic Development In Zimbabwe Essay -- essays research papers

Economic Development in Zimbabwe The country of Zimbabwe is one of the most economically developed on the African continent . A fairly young political entity, Zimbabwe has only enjoyed recognized autonomy since 1980, the year in which the United Kingdom repealed its imperialistic claims to the African nation . Despite its youth the country has achieved a level of economic development uncharacteristic of sub-Saharan African nations. Second only to South Africa in economic development, Zimbabwe's economic system is one indicative of a transitional country, a country making the transition from dependency underdevelopment to self-reliant industrialization. The purpose of this essay is to make a cursory but adequate examination of Zimbabwean socio-economic and political system, as means to analyzing the countries economic development. The ultimate purpose of this study is to provide a model of the structure necessary to achieve economic development where none previously existed. Zimbabwe is an appropriate model because the dynamics of underdevelopment to development in this country are readily apparent. This model can be useful in understanding underdevelopment in other so called "third-world" countries and in determining what is necessary for these countries to make the transition to industrialization. Geography Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in the southern, sub-Saharan area of the African continent bordered by South Africa to the South, Botswana to the West, Mozambique to the East and Zambia to the North. With an area of 391,090 km2 Zimbabwe is only slightly larger than the state of Colorado. Harare is Zimbabwe's capital and largest city with a population of 1,100,000. Containing vast amounts of rare mineralogical resources and possessing a favorable growing climate Zimbabwe's economy is drawn almost equally between the mining of minerals ($2.2 billion) and the production of staples and cash crops ($2.1 billion) . People Zimbabweans are comprised of two primary ethnic groups, the Shona, comprising 74% of the population and the Ndebele comprising 20%. Other ethnic black groups and Asians make up 4% of the population while whites make up just over 1% of the population. Zimbabwe has a population of 10.35 million people with a population density of 24 persons per km2. 1992 census figures estimate Zimbabwe's growth at 3.0% with 90% of this growth ... ...ble workforce. Finally, Zimbabwe participates in non-aligned trade for non-strategic products such as textiles. This greatly reduces the countries chance of becoming dependent on a trade partner. Conclusion In many ways Zimbabwe is a model for third-world economic development. Although not yet fully developed Zimbabwe clearly has the potential to be a full fledged developed nation. Beyond its vast resources Zimbabwe is structured in a way to promote development. This fact in and of itself distinguishes Zimbabwe from most other Lesser Developed Countries (LDC). Zimbabwe's economic structure is one in which they are essentially self-sufficient and trade only for profit or for consumer goods. Also they perform trade with many partners with no single partner comprising garnering more than 15% of import or export goods. By structuring the Zimbabwe's economic system in a way that keeps its partners diversified and its imports non-strategic, Mugabe has successfully led his nation to the path of development. The barriers left to full development are quite minimal compared to the ones already dominated, The structure of Zimbabwe's economic system is truly a model of economic development.

A Scholar Word

I admit that there are pros and cons of the activity but the negative side outweighs the positive. Voter's education is a big help for the community especially for the first time voters. We couldn't deny the fact that this community service including the youth profiling are beneficial for our society. But, Just like what Vive said, there are negative sides of the story First, instead of having our summer Job and summer class or even on-the-Job training, we are subdued by this activity.The community service will only take a few days or even hours of our time, but that could also be a time for rest after work or after school or even a time for our family after a long strenuous semester. But that won't happen because any of the statement above is not an excuse of not taking the community service. We are scholars, not robots, we also have a life to live. Second, the reason why we are in this scholarship is because somehow, some of us could not afford the whole tuition of the program we c hoose, for short we are not that rich.That's why spending even a few peso on our account without it being reimbursed is a big deal for us. Third, the way of grouping us is somehow a good thing because it teaches us owe to socialize with different kinds of people but the problem is throwing these group of people in an unknown barraging that even the Google map could not locate is like throwing scavengers in a remote island waiting to be devoured by sharks and beasts.And lastly, the common issue of all is that maybe the reason why we haven't hugged this community service unlike the other activities that we greatly enjoyed is that the foundation of this activity, starting from the orientation, is not right, not proper. Being yelled at the very first meeting is not a great way to start anything and it's a bit degrading for us scholars. We represent the youth that's why we a loud and active, and restraining us from doing so is improper and unprofessional especially if not all of us are i nvolve in the noisy rumble.This is an intellectual criticism, hope you won't take it personally. I am not speaking in the voice of a selfish, self righteous and self centered scholar, but rather I'm speaking in the voice of those unuttered cries of the scholars who are afraid to speak out what's in their mind with the fear of losing their scholarship. This is not a complain, this is a reflection. A Scholar Word By Babying

Belong Speech †As You Like It and The Kite Runner Essay

John O’Donohue once said ‘the hunger to belong is not merely a desire to be attached to something. It is rather sensing that great transformation and discovery become possible when belonging is sheltered and true. ’ Many individuals desire to belong and so forge connections with others through a variety of different vehicles, be it filial relationships or friendships. Shakespeare’s play As You Like It and Khaled Hosseini’s novel The Kite Runner explore the developing of one’s sense of self, by establishing meaningful relationships, which are a conduit for one to find a sense of belonging. Familial relationships contribute towards one’s sense of belonging, as they shape a person’s identity and can result in personal fulfilment and growth. Conversely, disconnection between family relationships can cause confusion and isolation. Shakespeare’s play, As You Like It, analyses the ramifications of dysfunctional family relationships on one’s sense of belonging. Through animalistic imagery and hyperbole, Orlando describes his brother’s treatment of him as differing not from the â€Å"stalling of an ox† deeming it an assault on his identity. His disjointed syntax and truncated sentence structures, â€Å"it was upon this fashion bequeathed me by will but poor a thousand crowns†, further convey his confusion and frustration, which stem from severed familial relationships, thus highlighting how severed familial relationships stimulate a lack of belonging. In contrast to the antagonism brewing between the brothers at outset of the novel, they are reunited when Orlando asserts their filial connection, saving Oliver from a lion at his own risk. Oliver’s use of past and present tense, â€Å"was I, but tis not I†, conveys his personal transformation as a result of their connection. The humble tone of this dialogue reinforces the restoration of their relationship due the brother’s reconciliation, resulting in a strong connection and sense of belonging. The restoration of Orlando and Oliver’s relationships broadened my understanding of belonging in that there is often a profound compulsion to belong, even when one may resist it. The radical transformation in Oliver, exemplifies the notion that family relationships have a profound impact on one’s sense of belonging and identity, by affecting their ability to connect with others. Like in As You Like It, the main character in Hosseini’s novel, The Kite Runner, experiences isolation as a result of the breakdown of family relationships. The silent animosity between father and son, resulting from their strong differences, highlights the tension that exists between them. Like Orlando and Oliver, constant conflict is intertwined within their relationship, as Baba does not approve of Amir’s interest in reading and writing. Baba’s short sentences and hesitant tone, â€Å"(He)†¦ gave a thin smile (of)†¦ feigned interest† illustrates the disconnection between Baba and Amir. This is furthered through Baba’s use of tag questions, â€Å"’Well, that’s very good, isn’t it? ‘ he said†, which reinforces his lack of interest in his son. While Amir expresses a profound sense of respect towards his father, he often describes his father as viewing the world as ‘black and white’. The binary opposition and colour symbolism of black and white symbolically reflects the tension between the two characters, and their inability to relate to one another, resulting in disconnection and a lack of belonging. Amir concludes with ‘you can’t love a person who lives that way without fearing him†¦ even hating him a little’. The use of first person narration, combined with colloquial language evokes feelings of empathy from the reader towards Amir, as they it allows them a deeper understanding of the emotional ramifications of the strained relationship on Amir. Amir’s emotional tone and body language, combined with the vivid imagery in the simile, â€Å"I flinched, like I’d been slapped. My heart sank†¦Ã¢â‚¬  effectively highlights his strong desire to belong with his father. The constant yearning for affection in the book was very insightful as demonstrated to me the extent of the innate human desire to belong. It can thus be concluded that filial relationships are an important factor in determining a person’s sense of belonging as one’s self-esteem and identity can only be cultivated within the close emotional bondage that only family offers. Relationships between friends are another factor that contributes towards one’s sense of belonging as such relationships aid in fulfilling the innate human desire to connect with others and be a part of something greater than one’s self. In ‘As You Like It’ there is a strong connection between Rosalind and Celia despite the conflicts that exists between their families. Celia’s affectionate tone and repetition, â€Å"my sweet Rose, my dear Rose†, coupled with her use of the possessive adjective â€Å"my† epitomizes the strong connection between them. Their immutable connection is affirmed through classical allusions and asyndeton, â€Å"We still have slept together,.. learned, played, eaten together†¦ like Juno’s swans coupled and inseparable,† The visual imagery of unity as well as virtuous symbolism is significant and challenges the notion of sexual promiscuity as suggested by the Dukeâ€Å"thus do all traitors. The strength of their connection is also conveyed in Celia’s insistence that her father â€Å"pronounce (Rosalind’s) sentence on me†¦ I cannot live out of her company†. The hyperbole and high modality language highlights Celia’s allegiance and loyalty towards Rosalind. Though exiled form the court, Rosalind’s stable and supportive relationship with Celia enables her to maintain her sense of identity and confidence, regardless of her circumstances and external environment. Because of this, it is clear that strong friendships act as a conduit to finding a strong sense of belonging and confidence, allowing individuals to experience security and fulfilment even within adverse circumstances. Similarly, in ‘The Kite Runner’, symbols and metaphors are used to visually represent Amir and Hassan’s friendship, and to present the message of true and loyal friendship in an impacting way. Kites are used as a motif to represent the freedom of and strong bond between the two boys, both at the beginning and end of the novel. Under the Taliban regime, kite flying was banned, symbolically representing the lack of freedom in Kabul, which paralleled Amir and Hassan’s disintegrating relationship due to a loss of innocence. Kites also symbolise the brotherhood and friendship between the two of them, particularly as they would often build kites together ‘sav(ing) (their) weekly allowance in the fall’. This simplifies the innocence and love between the two of them, increasing the impact of their bond. Symbolism allows for a deeper understanding of Amir and Hassan’s friendship, which shows that they belong to each other. The use of kite flying and kite running is also used to show the class distinction between Amir and Hassan and to show how minute and irrelevant hierarchy is compared to the bond of friendship. Even though Hassan is constantly referred to as the â€Å"slave†, Amir holds enough respect to forge and connect with Hassan. The demeaning value of the colloquial term, in turn demonstrates the depth and strength of their friendship. Through the use of metaphors and symbolism, the notion of unbiased friendship, is shown throughout the play which contributes towards the boys sense of belonging. Amir’s exclamation â€Å"You’re the brother I never had†, which, due to Hassan’s â€Å"slave† status would have been affront to the ropriety of the time, highlights how relationships can break down socially constructed barriers, enabling a strong sense of belonging and fulfilment. Overall, all both texts highlight the vital role that relationships play in terms of belonging and not belonging. As demonstrated through the relationships of Amir and his father, and Orlando and Oliver, it is clear that dysfunctional familial relationships and broken friendships can cause conflict and isolation. On the other hand, as seen in Celia and Rosalind and Amir and Hassan, a strong connection between individuals can lead to fulfilment, contentment, and a strong sense of belonging.